A chemical bond is the physical phenomenon and interaction of chemical substances that are held together by the attraction of atoms to each other. This association of atoms helps for the formation of molecules, ions, crystals, etc. via sharing, as well as exchanging, of electrons -or electrostatic forces. There are different types of chemical bonding including Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds, etc. Covalent and ionic bonds are the main cases of chemical bonds. Covalent bonds It is also…

X-rays are electromagnetic radiation that penetrates structures differently within the body and creates images of such structures on a photographic film or a fluorescent screen. Such pictures are considered x-rays diagnostic. Diagnostic x rays are useful for identifying body abnormalities. X- Rays are a painless, non-invasive way of helping to diagnose problems like broken bones, cancers, dental decay, and foreign bodies. X-rays easily move through the air and soft tissues of the body. They are…

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are the primary types of endocytosis, a cellular process in which cells absorb extracellular material by invagination of the cell membranes. Both are the active process and requires energy (ATP) as adenosine triphosphate for the uptake of materials. Endocytosis uses to transfer material from outside the cell to intracellular spaces. In mammalian cells, it is regulated by the alternation in the function and composition of the plasma membrane. Endocytosis basically regulates diverse…